An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge essays

An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge essays For as long as videos have been available to the public, there has been the question of whether or not they are as stimulating to the mind as the written story. Ambrose Bierces, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, and the short film it became when director, Robert Enrico adapted it to a visual medium, would be a good set to study to answer this question. They have their similarities, such as preparation, themes, and plot. Both also bring their own tactics to the storytelling table. The two versions of this story give a sense, by placing union troops around a perimeter, that the main character is surrounded, with no chance of escape. He has a love for nature, family, and life in both. This is illustrated by the way that he thinks of his wife and shows love for the earth when he is alive. Both consist of a series of escapes ending with a sudden, shocking death. Time is imaginary, and is warped and deliberately mishandled in both. Both use death to end the warp in time and bring the audience back to reality. The film version of this story adds a definite sense of sound with a soundtrack. This helps to stir emotions, and the lyrics help get a point across. The film also brings into play a bit of symbolism, leading to many parallels with the crucifixion of Jesus. The written story tells us some background of who the main character is, and fills in the story behind his hanging. Both Robert Enricos film and Ambrose Bierces written work tell approximately the same story, but both have their own way of doing it. As for all films and books, the same may be true. Both are beneficial to audiences in their own way. ...

Trumans Presidentcy essays

Truman's Presidentcy essays Despite strong opposition from a Republican congress, Truman attempted to extend Roosevelts New Deal policies by strengthening social security, conservation, implementing rent controls, and providing housing to low-income families. At times, however, Truman was inconsistent with his own partys beliefs and the ideal of the New Deal in order to suit the immediate situation and retain public support. Furthermore, Truman supported civil rights actions and for the first time, increased the political status of African American citizens. Trumans various other reforms were much like the proposals of Roosevelt, but the mood of the nation due to its affluence and that of Congress opposed his efforts and the changing times proved that Trumans Fair Deal was not as necessary as FDRs New Deal. Trumans organized policy to elaborate on the New Deal was termed the Fair Deal and aimed to improve social conditions like Roosevelts plan had done previously. His immediate goals were full employment and an improved economy, as well as to provide for the common good. The Fair Labor Standards Act increased the minimum wage from 40 cents to 75 cents and the Social Security Act increased benefits to the elderly by 77.5%. Also, to the advantage of those who lived in rented homes and apartments, Truman lengthened rent controls to March 1951, and in addition, the Housing Act vowed to eliminate slums and established 810,000 low-income houses, thus providing a good amount of citizens with affordable housing. The president also implemented the Employment Act in 1946 to help stabilize the postwar economy. The act created a three member council of economic advisors and a joint committee to study and propose stabilization measures. Moreover, Truman attempted to establish a Missouri Valley Auth ority while extending the power of the Tennessee Valley authority, but was unsuccessful. However, the president did obtain increases in...

Ethical issues in social media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical issues in social media - Essay Example The affected organization was PayPal. Cyber criminals managed to develop a fake website that aped the original PayPal website. In order to obtain clients’ trust to reveal financial details, the conmen directed people to fake website through link in an email (Shannon, 2013). In the email, they required the users to log on to purported PayPal website and change their passwords only to give fraudsters critical financial details that left them penniless. For some PayPal clients, financial details were used to transfer money to fake recipients (Shannon, 2013). In the PayPal Incident, the client is the loser (Shannon, 2013). For instance, after reporting to the real PayPal about their incident, most clients are dismissed and PayPal calls it as the fault the client who did not identify the email as fraud. The damage was caused by lack of proper customer education on how to prevent online fraud. This could also be connected with user ignorance as there are terms and conditions that one abides to when registering as a member in companies like PayPal (Shannon, 2013). The root cause of the problem was increased cases of phishing where criminals target online banks and companies for their customers’ personal details. Consequently, target companies should work on educating their clients and require them to take all necessary precautions to keep personal security information secret. However, there is a requirement that with evidence of fraudster involvement, organizations are required to refund their clients (Shannon, 2013). In the case of PayPal phishing, the organization dismissed the client for relying on speculation and this made the situation worse as the client did not know who else to turn to (Coombs, 2009). The organization should have understood that the client is the boss and with such an alarm raised, there was need to understand the type of crisis the organization was facing. With a clear definition of the

Stress in Law Enforcement Results in a High Degree of Divorce and Research Paper

Stress in Law Enforcement Results in a High Degree of Divorce and Suicide - Research Paper Example Indications suggest what can be done to alleviate the problems both individually as officers, within their families, and within the organization as a whole. Finally, the information covers law enforcement officers’ duties regarding service to the community and how the community can avoid a disservice to the officers. Key words: double bind, stresses, high risk lifestyle Stress in Law Enforcement Results in a High Degree of Divorce and Suicide. How does this Problem Develop and How is it Mitigated? Introduction â€Å"If you ever find me like that (shot), you better start looking for the one who did it, because I would never do that to myself (Boyce, 2006).† This was a statement previously quoted by a State Trooper who did not come home as usual after his shift. The officer was found with a gunshot wound to the head and sitting in his own car after a long and diligent search. The State Crime Lab determined that he had taken his own life. What would cause an officer to do such a thing to himself? Sergeant Boyce can remember seeing warning signs, after the fact, that the officer was under much physical and emotional stress (Boyce, 2006). The dead officer had become withdrawn and did not work with the rest of the officers as he had in the past. Sergeant James Boyce recalls himself when dozing in a chair at his home on the couch, and his wife or one of the kids touched him, he would sit straight up and make a fist as if ready to fight. Is an incident such as this caused by the everyday stress of law enforcement? (Boyce, 2006). According to Hans Selye, a respected researcher in stress, â€Å"police work is the most stressful occupation in America (Boyce, 2006).† Law enforcement stress leads to one of the highest, suicide rates in the nation in comparison to other occupations. The divorce rate for other occupations is 50 percent while law enforcement divorce rates are as high as 75 percent. This makes the divorce rate among police officers second i n the nation. These facts alone are a warning sign targeted at law enforcement management. Extreme Negative Effects Dan Goldfarb covers the impact of stress on police officers at a union delegates meeting. He defines stress in a very unconventional way, but it relates very well to the job of police work. Stress is â€Å"that feeling and desire along with the ensuing bodily effects, experienced by a person who has a strong and true longing to choke the living shit out of someone who desperately deserves it, but you can’t (Goldfarb, 2011).† It is Goldfarbs’ contention that although this might be a very funny way to convey the information, however, there is a real truth to it. Law enforcement work calls for an incredible amount of discipline and restraint. This restraint is a continuing thing and it causes insurmountable stress. Goldfarb points out that between 1934 and 1960 police suicide rates were half that of the general population and between 1980 and the pres ent have almost doubled (Goldfarb, 2011). So the difference in the present vs. the past is, â€Å"You can’t choke em anymore,† as he puts it. He contends that street justice no longer exists, the media is continually showing the negative side of police work, and politicians cater to the public and new laws, therefore, your hands are tied. So, law enforcement officers start to feel like they are being choked. According to research the biggest stresses for police work are, 1. Taking a life in the line

Leases (Accounting) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leases (Accounting) - Essay Example The proposed changes have come to address this concern wherein structuring the amount presented in the transaction is reduced to achieve a desired accounting outcome. Also, to decrease complexity, to improve transparency and comparability, and to have more complete financial statements, the IASB and US FASB had published a joint proposal to change the existing standard of lease accounting. The scope of the proposed improvement involves US - SFAS 13 and IFRS - IAS 17 wherein the aim is to develop a new single approach instead of the previous operating and finance lease approaches (ACCA 2009). In the proposed ‘right-of-use’ mode, investors and other users of financial statements need not to make necessary adjustments because all assets and liabilities are now being recognized in the statement of financial position. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed changes from the board exposure draft will be recognized. Also, the impact of the new single approach on the financial statements will be given an appropriate analysis. The exposure draft has been published to solicit comments from the public either positive or negative. The board thinks that the advantages of creating a consistent approach will decrease complexity and at the same time increase comparability of financial statements that will outweigh the disadvantages (FASB 2010 p.93). Advantages. Providing a complete presentation of financial reporting information for users of financial statements will increase transparency, and this is one of the major advantages of the proposal (IFRS 2009 p.4). A ‘complete presentation’ in the sense that the understated assets and liabilities arising from all lease contracts will now be identified. All of the company’s leasing activities either in a form of an assets or liabilities will now be

Providing Fresh Water To Arid Regions Environmental Sciences Essay

Providing Fresh Water To Arid Regions Environmental Sciences Essay From 1950-2000, there was a huge rise in the demand of the water (Smallwood, 2010). The reason for this massive increase in demand can be due to the massive increase in the worlds population towards the later years of the century. Between the years 1940 to 1960 worlds population was roughly around 2500 millions of people (U.N, 2004). This number increased to 6000 millions of people in year 2000 according to United Nations projections in 2004 (ibid). In order fulfil this huge demand of water different countries in the world started using large scale water management techniques. These techniques were very useful at the beginning however these large scale water management techniques are now considered to be in decline (Smallwood, 2010). The focus is now on the small scale water management techniques, however these small scale techniques such as traditional techniques are sometimes not considered to be sufficient enough (ibid). The arid and semi arid regions are those parts of the where there is very little or no rainfall. These areas are largely in central and south eastern parts of Asia, Africa and some parts of America. Pakistan is a developing country in south eastern region of Asia. Pakistan is a semi arid country with the problem of water management in the country. Therefore as an example of semi arid region this report will focus on the feasibility techniques for managing fresh water in Pakistan. Furthermore, this report will look at the dams as large scale water management technique and water desalination and use of ground water as small scale water management techniques. Pakistan 2.1 Background of water management through the use of large dams in Pakistan As a developing country Pakistans economy is mainly dependent on agriculture. Nearly one quarter of Pakistans GDP is contributed by agriculture sector (Ali, 2004). In order for agricultural sector to flourish Pakistan needs to manage water very carefully. A great amount of water for irrigation comes from 5 main rivers of Pakistan (Ali, 2004). These rivers are Indus, Ravi, Jhelum, Sutlej and river Chenab (ibid). Canal water is generated from these five rivers (ibid). This canal system is the largest canal system in the world (ibid). In addition to this there are 2 main dams build in order to manage water more properly. These dams are Mangla and Tarbela dams. Among these dams there are many other small dams build in order manage water for agriculture and electricity generation purposes. The researchers have however argued that these dams are not sufficient enough for Pakistans power and agriculture needs and there is a need to build more dams in order to manage water more sufficiently. 2.2 Current situation Dams can provide cheap electricity and dams can also help in scenarios of natural disaster. Pakistan is currently facing an electricity shortfall of 3000 to 6000 megawatts (Khan.2010). Furthermore recent floods in Pakistan have destroyed thousands of villages and hundreds of cities. According to United Nations floods in July 2010 has affected more than 20 million people in Pakistan. These floods have not only affected the people but floods have also destroyed the crops, which were the main source of income for the people in Pakistan. The arguments have again taken a rise that a controversial KalaBagh dam should be built and if that dam would have been there this flood would not have affected as much it has affected now. The KalaBagh dam is the largest proposed dam to be built in the northern areas of Pakistan. However due to being controversial the work on this has not been started. 2.3 Kalabagh dam, a controversial proposed large dam Kalabagh Dam Project proposed to be located near Islamabad on Indus River (Alvi et.al.N.D). The proposed dam is a multi-purpose project, it would have a live storage capacity of 6.1 million acre feet (ibid).it will fill the capacity loss in reservoirs, it would make contribute very much to irrigation supplies not only for new projects but provide additional water which was agreed by the provinces under Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) of 1991 (ibid). Furthermore, it would add a large amount of cheap hydropower to the National Grid through its 2400 MW (Ultimate 3600 MW) installed power (ibid). This can solve the energy crises of Pakistan and the electricity shortfall can be finished. However this project is opposed by three provinces of Pakistan. Other than Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa all are against the project of Kalabagh dam. According to the Sindhi point of view Kalabagh dam would turn sindh into desert (Alvi et.al.N.D). There would be no additional water to fill Kalabagh reservoir (ibid). However recent floods in Pakistan prove that there are enough surpluses of water. Sea water intrusion in Indus estuary would accentuate (ibid). Building of Kala bagh dam will destroy the mangrove forests, which are already threatened (ibid). KalaBagh dam would affect the fish production and water supplies in the southern areas of Pakistan (ibid). It is feared that historic flooding of Peshawar Valley including Nowshera town would be aggravated in the event of recurrence of 1929 record flood (Alvi et.al.N.D). Drainages of surrounding area of Mardan, Pabbi and Swabi plains would be adversely affected by the reservoir thus creating water logging and salinity (ibid). Operation of Mardan SCARP would be adversely affected (ibid). Fertile land would be submerged (ibid). Large number of people would be displaced (ibid). The claims that are mentioned above are the fears of the provinces and it remains to be seen that these claims do really have any reality behind them.Other than the above controversial reasons the Kalabagh dam is a mega project. In other words the Kalabagh dam is considered to be in the large scale water management technique. As it is argued by the Smallwood (2010) that the world is generally moving from using the large scale water management techniques towards the small scale water management techniques. The reason for this is that large scale water management techniques have many disadvantages. When the water is stored on a large scale there is a high risk of water born diseases (Smallwood.2010). Large dams are the combine resources so it is difficult manage the water as everybody would require more water (ibid). In addition to this, large dams causes large amount of displacements of the people (Ibid). Water desalination and small dams used as small scale fresh water management by other arid or semi arid countries Due to the exploitation of natural sources of water, as the water demand has increased, there is a great stress on alternate sources of fresh water (Fritzman et.al, 2006). The sea water can be used to fulfil the demands of the water (ibid). The water is desalinated through thermal technology (ibid). Through this technology the salt is evaporated from the water to make it able for daily use (ibid). The Middle East areas of the world are the main user of the water desalination technology (ibid). These areas are arid and it has a great demand of fresh water (ibid). In order to fulfil the water demands the thermal water desalination technology is being used (ibid). The arid and semi arid regions of Europe are also using the water desalination technology (ibid). The greatest example is the Spain which has the largest water desalination capacity (ibid). This demand of the desalinated water will grow further with Middle East being the greatest user of this technology (ibid). This is due to the rapid increase in the population of Middle Eastern areas (ibid). The Asia will become the rapid growing market of water desalination as there is large increase in population and conventional water resources are becoming insufficient to fulfil the demand of the water (ibid). The water desalination can fulfil the water demands very easily however the cost of installing the water desalination plants are high. However as compared to large dams the cost of water desalination plant is low, meaning water desalination can provide water very cheaply. Through water desalination the water can only be provided to the areas which are near to the sea (Smallwood, 2010). In order to provide fresh water to the areas which are away from the sea and the areas are arid small scale dams can be built to fulfil the demand of the fresh water. A small scale or micro dam if it is designed properly can provide many benefits to the areas near the dam (Ersado, 2005). The micro dams can provide water for irrigation, water for cattle and might even provide water for fishing purposes (ibid). In the areas where there is scarcity of water, usually in developing countries the micro dams can provide water for domestic purposes (ibid). The micro dams are less expensive as compared to large dams and these dams are less controversial. These dams however have many side effects (Ersado, 2005). The standing water can be the source of malaria (ibid). Moreover the standing water provides a good environment for disease transmission (ibid). Conclusion As it argued by Smallwood (2010) that the world is now moving away from the large scale water management. The developed nations such as U.S.A have stressed upon small scale water management techniques (Smallwood, 2010). The arid areas such as Middle East is using water desalination method in order fulfil the demand of fresh water (Fritzman et.al, 2006). The developing countries can also use their costal line in order to fulfil the demand of fresh water. For example Pakistan has a long costal line starting from south of Sindh till the end of south of Baluchistan. This costal line can be used for water desalination and it can fulfil the demand of fresh water of the southern arid areas of Pakistan. As it already predicted by Fritzman et.al (2006) that the water desalination method would be the fastest growing method of providing fresh water, the developing nations such as Pakistan should consider this method and fulfil its water demands.

gatlove Money, Love, and Aspiration in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Money, Love, and Aspiration in The Great Gatsby How do the members of such a rootless, mobile, indifferent society acquire a sense of who they are? Most of them don't. The Great Gatsby presents large numbers of them as comic, disembodied names of guests at dinner parties: the Chromes, the Backhyssons, and the Dennickers. Some, of course, have some measure of fame, but even Jordan Baker's reputation does not do much for her other than get her entrà ©e to more parties. A very few, such as Gatsby, stand out by their wealth; his hospitality secures him a hold on many peoples' memories, but Fitzgerald is quick to point up the emptiness of this, [...] In this connection, Fitzgerald's insistence on Gatsby as a man who "sprang from his own Platonic conception of himself" is important. Conceiving one's self would seem to be a final expression of rootlessness. And it has other consequences for love, money, and aspirations as well. When one's sense of self is selfcreated, when one is present at one's own creation, so to speak, one is in a paradoxical position. One knows everything about oneself that can be known, and yet the significance of such knowledge is unclear, for no outside contexts exist to create meaning. The result is that a self-created man turns to the past, for he can know that. It is an inescapable context. For Gatsby and for the novel, the past is crucial. His sense of the past as something that he not only knows but also thinks he can control sets Gatsby apart from Nick and gives him mythical, larger-than-life dimensions. When he tells Nick that "'of course"' the past can be repeated or that Tom's love for Daisy was "'just personal"', he may be compensating for his inability to recapture Daisy; but he must believe these things because the post-war world in which he, Gatsby, lives is meaningless and almost wholly loveless. A glance at the relationships in The Great Gatsby proves this latter point. Daisy and Tom's marriage has gone dead; they must cover their dissatisfactions with the distractions of the idle rich. Myrtle and Tom are using one another; Myrtle hates George, who is too dull to understand her; the McKees exist in frivolous and empty triviality. Even Nick seems unsure about his feelings for the tennis girl back in the Midwest. [...]

My Plays Last Scene Essay

Death is a key theme in a number of John Donne’s poems, including ‘Death Be Not Proud’ and ‘This Is My Play’s Last Scene’. I have decided to compare these two poems with Emily Dickenson’s ‘Because I Could Not Stop For Death’. From the two Donne poems he releases a mixture of feelings including terror and fear however Donne introduces quite a quantity of Christian images to present death. This could have a lot to do with the multiple times Donne came close to death himself and the pressure and constant fear of death whilst being a Catholic under Jacobean England. Donne’s father also known as John Donne died in 1576, leaving his wife, Elizabeth Heywood, the responsibility of raising his many children. A few months after the death of Donne’s father, his two sisters Mary and Katherine died in 1581. Donne’s uncle William Harrington was tortured on the rack, hanged until not quite dead, then was subjected to disembowelment, this is thought to have had a great effect on John Donne and resulting in him questioning his Catholic faith. Emily Dickinson There are many ways which Donne shows his fear of death, one of which is the way he personifies it making it seem like a feared image that is actually standing next to him. In ‘This Is My Play’s Last Scene’ Donne refers to death as ‘gluttonous’ making us think that death is greedy for more victims and waiting for more people that ‘he’ can swallow up. Donne’s use of capitol letters whilst referring to death makes it seem more like a real person. Similarly, Emily Dickenson also personifies death in her poem ‘Because I Could Not Stop For Death’’ similarly to Donne by her use of capitol letters for ‘death’. Donne says ‘†¦will instantly unjoint’ making it sound like being ripped apart from earth and taken to another life against your own will. Antonio S. Oliver once said about Donne ‘’ Some poems depict death as insignificant while others present it as something he, and therefore humans, should fear’’. I agree with this quote because ‘This Is My Play’s Last Scene’ greatly emphasises the fear that Donne quite obviously had towards death whilst writing this poem. This fear of death was probably generated by the Catholic climate in the late 16th Century and early 17th century. It was dangerous to be a Catholic in England at this time. You could not, if you remained faithful to your religion, hope to play any part in public life, and you were debarred from graduating university, something which Donne experienced firsthand. Donne was educated privately from the age of 11. After three years at Oxford he was admitted to Cambridge, where he studied for a further three years. He was unable to obtain a degree from either institution because of his Catholicism, since he could not take the Oath of Supremacy required of graduates. However, Donne uses euphemisms as a way of reassuring that death is not as fearful as he otherwise makes out. In ‘This Is My Play’s Last Scene’ it says ‘’and I shall sleep a space’’, this sibilance and the euphemism of death simply being falling to sleep seems like a way of Donne trying to calm himself of his nerves that come with living in stress and constant fear of death being close every moment of his life. Antonio S. Oliver said about Donne ‘’His faith in theology calmed his fears and doubts.’’ I strongly agree with this statement as religion was a big part of Donne’s life at the time. In 1621 Donne was made Deacon of St Pauls, a leading and well paid position in the Church of England and one that he held until his death in 1631 which emphasises just how much of his life he devoted to his religion. Emily Dickinson’s poem ‘Because I Could Not Stop For Death’ is basically an ongoing metaphor. Dickinson get’s into ‘’the carriage’’ with death and is taken through a journey of her life. At the end of her first stanza Dickinson says ‘’and immortality’’ which shows us that similarly to Donne she is comforted by the idea of life after death and is curious about what happens behind the grave. Antonio S. Oliver said about Donne ‘’His poetry is highly paradoxical, a quality that only adds to its richness and attractiveness much to the delight of its readers.’’ A lot of Donne’s poems end in paradoxes which make the reader feel frightened and comforted at the same time as well as possibly a little unsure about the actual message of the poem. ‘Death Be Not Proud’ ends with a paradox which says,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬â„¢One short sleep past, we wake eternally, And Death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die’’ This is a statement of clear religious beliefs. Donne is literally saying that death one day shall actually die. Donne is still personifying death by using capitol letters. The use of alliteration for ‘death’ and ‘die’ is quite a deafening and bold sound. From this paradox it is hard to understand whether Donne is underneath quite scared about coming close to death or whether he has overcome his previous fear and by saying that one day death will die is his way of bringing death down to size. ‘This Is My Play’s Last Scene’ also ends with a paradox which says,  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Impute me righteous, thus purg’d of evil, For thus I leave the world, the flesh, the devil.’’

Characters in Animal Farm Essay Example

Characters in Animal Farm Essay Example Characters in Animal Farm Paper Characters in Animal Farm Paper Essay Topic: Animal Farm Beauty and the Beast and Other Tales Communist Manifesto The Beast in the Jungle Animal Farm Characters Old Major is the inspiration which fuels the Revolution and the book. According to one interpretation, he could be based upon both Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. As a socialist, George Orwell may have agreed with much of Marx, and even respected aspects of Lenin. According to this interpretation, the satire in Animal Farm is not of Marxism, or of Lenins revolution, but of the corruption that occurred later. However, according to Christopher Hitchens: in the book, the aims and principles of the Russian Revolution are given face-value credit throughout; this is a revolution betrayed, not a revolution that is monstrous from its inception. Though Old Major is presented positively, Orwell does slip in some flaws, such as his admission that he has largely been free of the abuse the rest of the animals have had to suffer. Old Major introduces the animals to the song Beasts of England. Old Major (also called Willingdon Beauty, his show name) is the first major character described by George Orwell in Animal Farm. This purebred of pigs is the kind, grandfatherly philosopher of change; an obvious metaphor for Karl Marx, though some elements of Old Major are directly from Vladimir Lenin. Old Major proposes a solution to the animals desperate plight under the Jones administration (representing the tsar and autocracy) when he inspires a rebellion of sorts among the animals. The actual time of the revolt is unsaid. It could be the next day or several generations down the road. Old Majors Barn-Yard Speech at the very onset of the story could be a reference to the Communist Manifesto. Shortly after his death, the animals rise up in revolt and oust the men from power. Early on everything goes well and Old Majors dream seems to be coming true. The pig Snowball largely takes on the intellectual and political leadership of the farm and seems to share Old Majors principle of genuine concern for the animals of the farm. While Snowball is respected by most of the animals, the rest of the pigs, led by Napoleon, begin to move to oust Snowball. This occurs after the debate over the windmills when Napoleon unleashes his trained dogs to chase Snowball from the farm. The Seven Commandments that Snowball had transcribed, that were supposed to encompass Old Majors general philosophy, are gradually altered and deformed under Napoleon until they come to entirely opposite meanings than were originally intended. Also Beasts of England the song that came to Old Major in his dream was later banned on Animal Farm. In both film adaptations, Major dies while provoking the animals into rebelling. In the 1954 adaption, he dies suddenly while the animals are singing. The 1999 version is even more unfaithful- Jones slips in mud while investigating the sounds coming from the barn, fires his shotgun, and indirectly hits Major, killing him. Old Major in the allegory With Animal Farm being parallel to the formation of the Soviet Union, Old Major was based on both Lenin and Marx. The animals hold him in high esteem, and dig up his skull and walk past it and salute it every day, until the end of the novel when Napoleon announces that he had buried the skull, much as Lenins body was preserved and is kept on display in Moscow. Marx, author of the Communist Manifesto, died before the first communist revolution, whereas Old Major, founder of Animalism, dies before the Animal Farm revolution. His body was saluted by the soldiers everyday, even after the rebellion. NAPOLEON Napoleon, a Berkshire boar, is the main tyrant and villain of Animal Farm and is based upon Joseph Stalin. Napoleon begins to gradually build up his power, using puppies he took from mother dogs Jessie and Bluebell, which he raises to be vicious dogs as his secret police. After driving Snowball off the farm, Napoleon usurps full power, using false propaganda from Squealer and threats and intimidation from the dogs to keep the other animals in line. Among other things, he gradually changes the Commandments to allow himself privileges and justify his dictatorial rule such as eating at a table. By the end of the book, Napoleon and his fellow pigs have learned to walk upright and started to behave similarly to the humans they originally revolted against. (In the French version of Animal Farm, Napoleon is called Cesar, the French spelling of Caesar. Napoleon is a fictional character in George Orwells Animal Farm. While he is at first a common farm pig, he takes advantage of the animals uprising against their masters to eventually become the tyrannical President of Animal Farm, which he turns into a dictatorship. Napoleon in the Allegory Napoleon was based mostly on Joseph Stalin, who ruled the Soviet Union for nearly 30 years. However, his name comes from that of the French general Napoleon Bonaparte, who Orwell, like many Britons of his time, considered to be a repressive powerseeker and dictator. In the French version of the book, he was renamed Cesar (Caesar). [1] From the start, he is made out to be a villain. Napoleon fights along with fellow pig Snowball to free the farm from human control, only to turn on his former comrade and seize control of the farm; this mirrors the relationship between Stalin and Leon Trotsky. Trotsky supported Permanent Revolution (just as Snowball advocated overthrowing other farm owners), while Stalin supported Socialism in One Country (similar to Napoleons idea of teaching the animals to use firearms). Later on, after ostracizing Snowball as Stalin placed Trotsky in exile, Napoleon ordered the construction of a windmill, which had been designed by Snowball and which he had opposed vigorously. When the primitive windmill collapses due to Napoleons poor planning, a reference to Stalins backward approach to the Five-Year Plans, he blames Snowball and starts a wave of terror. During this period he orders the execution of several of the animals after coercing their confessions of wrongdoing. He also changes the Seven Commandments prohibition against killing. He then commands the building of a second, stronger windmill while severely cutting rations to all of the animals - except the pigs and dogs. He later makes a deal with Frederick (similar to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact shortly before World War II); Frederick tricks Napoleon by paying him with counterfeit money and then invading the farm, much as Germany broke its pact with the Soviet Union and invaded, in order to seize its minerals and fuel. During the Battle of the Windmill, the windmill is destroyed, but the animals win, although they pay a high price. Napoleon attempts to cover the losses by stating it was a grand victory for the animals. While Napoleon exhorts the other animals to fight and die for the good of the farm, he himself is a coward, in contrast to Snowball. Nonetheless, Napoleons historical revisionism rewrites himself as a hero, claiming responsibility for the animals victory during the Battle of the Cowshed when in reality it was Snowball who had performed heroic acts in this battle. Ultimately, Napoleon becomes a tyrannical, oppressive dictator and seems to become human through his adoption of human ways. At the end of the novel he has decided to abolish the use of comrade. In the end of the 1954 film, Napoleon wears dictator-like clothing and pictures of him, similar in nature to that of Chairman Maos famous picture, are put up. On top of this, it seems that he is ultimately killed by a horde of animals who destroy his homestead. SNOWBALL Snowball is Napoleons rival. He is an allusion to Leon Trotsky. He wins over most animals, but is driven out of the farm in the end by Napoleon. Snowball genuinely works for the good of the farm and devises plans to help the animals achieve their vision of an egalitarian utopia but is chased from the farm by Napoleon and his dogs, and rumours are spread about him (by Napoleon) to make him seem evil and corrupt and that he is secretly sabotaging the animals efforts to improve the farm. In his biography of Orwell, Bernard Crick suggests that Snowball was as much inspired by POUM leader Andres Nin as by Trotsky. Nin was a similarly adept orator and also fell victim to the Communist purges of the Left during the Spanish Civil War. Fictional biography Together with the pig Napoleon, Snowball leads the animals revolt against the human farmer, but is driven away from the farm (a comparison to the Russian government) by his former comrade Napoleon in the later part of the story. Unlike Napoleon, he has the best interests of the animals in mind. He is most attuned to the thinking of Old Major (whose role resembles that of Vladimir Lenin or perhaps Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels). He devotes himself to bettering the animals in intellectual, moral and physical ways. His role on the farm bears a significant and intended resemblance to the role of Leon Trotsky in the early Soviet Union. In his short-lived time as a leader, Snowball actively works to change Animal Farm, and although not all of his ideas work very efficiently, he is shown to have genuinely good intentions. Like Trotsky, Snowball is exiled after Napoleon seizes power by force, modeled after Joseph Stalin. After Snowball is exiled, he is used by Napoleon as a political scapegoat and is blamed for various problems on the farm. For example, he is blamed for allegedly mixing weed seeds into the wheat seeds under the cover of night to explain the growth of weeds in the farms crops. He is also blamed for the destruction of the windmill the animals had created. Other animals make false confessions (an idea Orwell expands in 1984) saying they helped him in his nightly visits, or he came to them in a dream telling them to do bad deeds and they are executed brutally in public. The killing is likely a parallel to the Great Purge started by Stalin in 1936 when he tried and executed many of his political adversaries using forced false confessions. ) There is never a sure confirmation that Snowball is alive or dead as he was never seen again after his exile. Snowballs ideas Snowball believes in a continued revolution: he argues that in order to defend Animal Farm, the animals should stir up rebellions in other farms throughout England. He continues striving for the betterment of the Animal Farm. He tries to accomplish this through many failed committees, like the Cleaner Tails League for the cows. Napoleon is shown to have been Snowballs enemy from the very start of the revolution, disagreeing with almost all of Snowballs ideas. For example, when Snowball proposes inspiring more revolutions on other farms in order to protect Animal Farm (similar to Trotskys idea of Permanent Revolution), Napoleon proposes learning to use firearms and other more advanced weapons. When Snowball actively organizes the animals into groups of committees, Napoleon simply states that the education of the young is all that was needed. Snowball also writes the first version of the Seven Commandments. These are later altered by Squealer under the orders of Napoleon to accommodate the treacherous actions of the pigs. For example, the commandment stating No animal shall drink alcohol is changed to No animal shall drink alcohol to excess. SQUEALER Squealer, a small fat porker, serves as Napoleons right hand man and minister of propaganda. Inspired by Vyacheslav Molotov and the Soviet paper Pravda, Squealer manipulates the language to excuse, justify, and extol all of Napoleons actions. He represents all the propaganda Stalin used to justify his own heinous acts. In all of his work, George Orwell made it a point to show how politicians used language. Squealer limits debate by complicating it and he confuses and disorients, making claims that the pigs need the extra luxury they are taking in order to function properly, for example. However, when questions persist, he usually uses the threat of Mr. Joness return as justification for the pigs privileges. Squealer uses statistics to convince the animals that life is getting better and better. Most of the animals have only dim memories of life before the revolution; therefore, they are convinced. Allegory In the allegorical form chosen by Orwell for Animal Farm, the pigs are easily identified with the Soviet leaders of the time. Napoleon and Snowball clearly represent Stalin and Trotsky, respectively. However, for those unfamiliar with the Soviet hierarchy in the 1930s and 1940s, Squealers human counterpart may be obscure. However, there is merit in the interpretation of Squealer being a representation of propaganda overall. Squealer certainly was the key spokesman for the pigs. His command of persuasive language and self-serving re-interpretations of facts illustrates the power of propaganda to control the under- and un-educated masses. Some authors have gone so far as to suggest that Squealer specifically represented the state-run newspaper Pravda. The downfall of this interpretation is that it fails to associate Squealer with a specific figure in Stalins inner circle. In contrast, Molotov is a near-perfect fit with Orwells description of and central role given to Squealer. Squealer is a close companion and protege of Napoleon; Molotov was a close companion and protege of Stalin. Squealer serves mainly as Napoleons propaganda minister; Molotov was Stalins Prime Minister (1930-1939) and Foreign Minister (1939-1949) and constant spokesman. When the animals suspect that the pigs are breaking the laws, Squealer justifies their actions. For instance, when the other animals want to have the milk and apples, Squealer says that milk and apples help the pigs think; so, eating the apples and drinking milk would prevent Mr. Jones from returning. Similarly, Molotov was a constant apologist for Stalin, rationalizing Comrade Stalins tyranny as being in the best interests of the people. Squealers arguments Throughout the book, Squealer justifies his arguments using his great powers of persuasion, his eloquent words and his charismatic intellect. His foundation for many of his arguments is that the animals do not want Mr. Jones back in power in the farm, and therefore must support Napoleon. He devises various other reasons to convince the other animals of the farm to believe him, backing them up with claims of scientific evidence (for example, apples and milk), recently discovered documentary evidence (proving the complicity of Snowball in working with the enemy) and using difficult reasoning, which confused the other animals. Squealer takes the central role in making announcements to the animals, as Napoleon appears less and less often as the book progresses. Breaking of the Seven Commandments Throughout the book, Napoleon and Squealer break the Seven Commandments, the tenets on which governance of the farm is based. To prevent the animals from suspecting them, Squealer preys on the animals stupidity and alters the Commandments from time to time as the need arises. This is proven on page 73 of the British version when Squealer falls off the ladder while trying to change the commandments in the night. Orwell uses Squealer to mainly show how some governments and politicians use propaganda to get their ideas accepted and implemented by the people. In the end, Squealer reduces the Seven Commandments into one commandment, that All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. MR. JONES Mr. Jones represents Nicholas II of Russia, the deposed Czar, who had been facing severe financial difficulties in the days leading up to the 1917 Revolution. The character is also a nod toward Louis XVI. There are also several implications that he represents an autocratic but ineffective capitalist, incapable of running the farm and looking after the animals properly. Jones is a very heavy drinker and the animals revolt against him after he drinks so much that he does not feed or take care of them. Ironically, Napoleon himself becomes almost obsessed with drinking and eventually changes the commandments to suit his needs. Toward the end of the book, the pigs become the mirror image of Jones, though they thirst for more power than ever before. Mr. Jones was once a capable farmer, but after the aftermath of a very damaging lawsuit, deteriorated into drinking and became known for his harsh rule over the animals. Instigated by Old Major, the animals rebelled against Mr. Jones and removed him from power, supposedly ending the days of extreme hunger and labor. Mr. Jones attempted to reinstate himself in the farm by attacking the animals; a skirmish the animals later called the Battle of the Cowshed. He was defeated by Snowballs tactics. The casualties of the battle were only a single sheep lost by the animals, but many of the men whom Jones brought (which were from Foxwood and Pinchfield farms) were injured, including Jones himself. Jones never made an attempt to capture Animal Farm again and went off to live someplace else. He later died in an inebriates home in another part of the country. In the same way that the books other characters are representative of historical figures, Jones is an allegory for Tsar Nicholas II. MR. FREDERICK Mr. Frederick is the tough owner of Pinchfield, a well-kept neighbouring farm. He represents Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in general. Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield Farm was a human character in the satirical novella Animal Farm by George Orwell. Mr. Frederick was one of Animal Farms neighbours, and kept a small but organized farm. He was constantly in bad terms with the other farm on the opposite side of Animal Farm owned by Mr. Pilkington. [edit] Frederick in the allegory Mr. Frederick played the role of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany in Orwells book. After Germany broke its treaty with Russia, Hitler promptly invaded Russia, jealous of the resources, and nearly succeeded. The Russians eventually defeated the Germans. During this invasion, many of the Russians started starving and many were being killed by Germanys better equipped army. The Allies failed to offer much help to the Russians (such as Pilkingtons message: SERVES YOU RIGHT). However, the Russians managed to defeat the Germans and push them out of the country. MR. PILKINGTON Mr. Pilkington is the easy-going but crafty owner of Foxwood, a neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds, as described in the book. He represents the western powers, such as the United Kingdom and the U. S.. The card game at the very end of the novel is a metaphor for the Tehran Conference, where the parties flatter each other, all the while cheating at the game. The irony in his last scene is present because of all of the Pigs being civil and kind to the humans, defying all for which they had fought. This was present in the Tehran Conference with the Alliance that the Soviet Union formed with the United States and the United Kingdom, capitalist countries that the Soviet Union had fought in the early years of the revolution. [4] At the end of the novel, both Napoleon and Pilkington draw the Ace of Spades (which in most games, is the highest-ranking card) at the same time and begin fighting loudly, symbolising the beginning of tension between the U. S. nd Soviet superpowers. Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood Farm is a human character in George Orwells satirical book Animal Farm. Mr. Pilkington has a more unkept farm, and is on bad terms with Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, whose farm is on the opposite side of Animal Farm. Mr. Pilkington at first offered to buy Napoleons pile of timber, but the timber is bought (with counterfeit banknotes) by Frederick instead. When Frederick invades Animal Farm, Pilkington refuses to help the animals (primarily because the messages that Napoleon sent to Pilkington that read Death to Pilkington). edit] The Meeting Pilkington and several other of the men working on the farm were invited to a meeting by Napoleon and the pigs, where Napoleon reintroduces Animal Farms new name of Manor Farm. Pilkington praises Napoleon on his extreme strictness that he imposes upon the animals, forbidding them any time to enjoy themselves. He talks about the misunderstandings in the past that had been rectified. You have your lower animals, the fat human jokingly consents, and we have our lower classes. The men and pigs start playing cards, flattering and praising each other while cheating at the game, representing the Tehran Conference. At the end of the novel, both Napoleon and Pilkington draw the Ace of Spades (which in most games, is the highest-ranking card) at the same time and begin fighting loudly this symbolizes the beginning of tension between the U. S and Soviet superpowers. [edit] Pilkington in the Allegory Pilkington represents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill of the Allies. After the end of World War II, the Cold War was ignited between the U. S and the Soviet Union, similar to the end of the meeting where both Napoleon and Pilkington play a simultaneous Ace of Spades. Horses There are two horses and one mare: Clover Boxer and Mollie the mare Boxer is one of the main characters. He is the tragic avatar of the working class, or proletariat: loyal, kind, dedicated, and physically the strongest animal on the farm, but naive and slow. His ignorance and blind trust towards his leaders leads to his death and their profit. In particular, his heroic physical work represents the Stakhanovite movement. His maxim of I will work harder is reminiscent of Jurgis Rudkus from the Upton Sinclair novel The Jungle. His second maxim, Napoleon is always right is an example of the propaganda used by Squealer to control the animals. It was not adopted until later in the book. Boxers work ethic is often praised by the pigs, and he is set as a prime example to the other animals. When Boxer is injured, and can no longer work, Napoleon sends him off to the knackers and deceives the other animals, saying that Boxer died peacefully in the hospital. When the animals cannot work, Napoleon tosses them aside, for they mean nothing to him. Boxer is a fictional horse from George Orwells Animal Farm, he is the farms most hard-working and loyal worker. He serves as an allegory for the Russian working class who helped oust the Czar and establish the Soviet Union, but were eventually betrayed by the Stalinists. He is one of the most popular of the books characters. Boxer is the tragic avatar of the working class, or proletariat: loyal, kind, dedicated, and strong. By contrast, he is not very clever and seldom progresses beyond the fourth letter of the alphabet. His major flaw, however, is his blind trust in the leaders, and his inability to see corruption, leading to his manipulation and abuse by the pigs in more or less the same manner as he was by Jones. His two mottos, seen below, sum up the double side of his character. He fights very bravely in the Battle of the Cowshed and the Battle of the Windmill but is upset when he thinks he has killed a stable lad when, in fact, he had only stunned the poor boy. When Boxer defends Snowballs reputation from Squealers revisionism, the pigs designate the workhorse as a target for the Great Purge, but he easily outmuscles his canine executioners, sparing them at Napoleons request. His eventual death serves to show just how far the pigs are willing to go - when he collapses due to working too hard, the pigs supposedly send him to a veterinarian, when in fact he was sent to the knackers yard to be slaughtered and made into dog food and glue, in exchange for money to buy a case of whiskey for the pigs, in what is perhaps their single most despicable action. A strong and loyal draft horse, Boxer played a huge part in keeping the Farm together prior to his death and was the only close friend of Benjamin, the cynical donkey. Ironically, during Old Majors speech which inspired the principles of animalism a specific reference is made to how he would be turned into glue under Jones rule, thus implying that it would not happen to him under Animalism. This is possibly a further decline from animalism to Napoleons government. Boxer may have been inspired by Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanov, a miner in the Soviet Union who became a hero in 1935 for his great productivity, or the Soviet Stakhanovite movement named after him, which was aimed at increasing worker productivity. His name was possibly based upon the Boxer Uprising in China. Boxers Mottos I will work harder is Boxers response to nearly all problems. He ends up overstraining himself and collapses. This motto may be a reference to the novel The Jungle, which illustrates the abuse and swindling of the working class, as it was the motto of the main character in that novel also. Napoleon is always right- similar to Mussolini is always right- is Boxers statement where he always show a belief in Napoleon no matter what. Clover is Boxers mother and a fellow draft horse. She helps and cares for Boxer when he splits his hoof. She blames herself for forgetting the original Seven Commandments when Squealer had actually revised them. Clover is compassionate, as is shown when she protects the baby ducklings during Majors speech; albeit made out to be somewhat vain in the opening of the novel by the narrator, who remarks that she never recovered her figure after giving birth to her fourth foal. She is also upset when animals are executed by the dogs, and is held in great respect by three younger horses who ultimately replace Boxer. Mollie is a self-centred and vain white mare who likes wearing ribbons in her mane, eating sugar cubes (which represent luxury) and being pampered and groomed by humans. She represents upper-class people, the bourgeoisie and nobility who fled to the West after the Russian Revolution and effectively dominated the Russian diaspora. Accordingly, she quickly leaves for another farm and is only once mentioned again. Other animals Benjamin is a wise, old donkey that shows slight emotion and is one of the longest surviving of the Manor Farm animals; he is alive to the very last scene of the book. The animals often query him about his lack of expression but always answers with: Donkeys live a long life. None of you have ever seen a dead donkey. Benjamin can also read as well as any pig, but rarely displays his ability. He is a dedicated friend to Boxer and is sorely upset when Boxer is taken away. Benjamin has known about the pigs wrongdoing the entire time, though he says nothing to the other animals. He represents the cynics in society. It has also been speculated that Benjamin could also represent the role of Jews in society, although this is unlikely since so many of the early supporters of the Russian Revolution were Jews. Another possibility is that Benjamin is an allegory for intellectuals who have the wisdom to stay clear of the purges. Yet another representation is possibly that Benjamin is an allegory of the author himself. Benjamin is a fictional donkey in George Orwells novel Animal Farm. He is the longest-lived of the animals and is alive in the last scene of the novel. He is less straightforward than most characters in the novel and a number of interpretations have been put forward. It has been suggested that he represents the aged population of Russia, or that he represents the Menshevik intelligentsia: as intelligent, if not more so, than the novels pigs. He is very cynical about the Revolution and life in general. For the most part he represents the skeptical people in and out of Russia who believed that Communism would not help the people of Russia, but who did not criticise it fervently enough to lose their lives or approve of a gradualist alternative. He is also quite significant in that he is not quite a horse (the working peasantry) and yet definitely not a leader like the pigs- even if his intellect is equal to theirs. The fact that he also has a Biblical name could also imply that he also represents the Jewish populace of Russia whose lives were not remotely improved under Stalins leadership. In fact, when asked if he was happier post-Revolution than before the Revolution, he simply remarks, Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey. He is one of the wisest animals on the farm, and is able to read as well as any pig. [1] However, this is an ability he does not exercise until the end of the book, and for all his age, he is never given the option of retirement. The only outrage that inspires him into action is the pigs betrayal of Benjamins best friend, Boxer, after which he becomes more cynical than ever. Seen from a wider perspective, Benjamin is a symbol of intelligence that during the times of revolution and its aftermath is very much aware about what is going on, but does nothing about it. The general (manipulated) masses are represented by the sheep, who are not aware about their misuse, but it is Benjamin who can see how the basic rules of their society are changing and does not get in any way involved. It is quite possible that Benjamin represents George Orwell himself. Muriel is a wise, old goat who is friends with all the animals on the farm. She, like Benjamin and Snowball, is one of the few animals on the farm who can read (with some difficulty, she has to spell the words out first) which helps Clover know that the Seven Commandments have been surreptitiously changed throughout the story. She possibly represents the same category as Benjamin. The only difference is that she dies at the end of the book due to age. The Puppies, who were raised by Napoleon to be his security force may be a reference to the fact that a major factor in Stalins rise to power was his appointment as General Secretary of the Communist Party by Lenin in 1922, in which role he used his powers of appointment, promotion and demotion to quietly pack the party with his own supporters. He did this with such effectiveness that Lenins Testament eventually called for Stalins removal from this post. Lenins request was ignored by the leading members of the Politburo most notably Trotsky, represented in the novel by Snowball. The puppies represent Stalins secret police. Dogs The dogs represent the military/police. In the beginning of the book, they voted against accepting the rats rabbits as comrades. Shortly after the revolution, several pups are stolen from their mothers. Later in the book, these pups (now fully grown and fully trained) protect Napoleon from a second potential revolution, and help to enforce his decrees. Jessie, Bluebell, Pincher The only three dogs that are mentioned by name. They do not have a very active role in the novel. All three are mentioned as being present at old majors meeting, but Pincher is never mentioned again (except in the epilogue, when it is mentioned that all three dogs are dead) Jesse and Bluebell are the mothers of the pups which serve as Napoleons bodyguards (and I assume Pincher is the father). Jesse and Bluebell also participate in the Battle of the Windmill. The Sheep represented the masses, manipulated to support Stalin in spite of his treachery. The Rats may have represented some of the nomadic people in the far north of the USSR. Birds The primary motto of Animalism is Four legs good, two legs bad. The birds argued with this saying since it seems to exclude birds, which have two legs and two wings. Squealer set them at ease by explaining, A birds wing, comrades, is an organ of propulsion and not of manipulation. It should therefore be regarded as a leg. The distinguishing mark of man is the hand, the instrument with which he does all his mischief. In real life, there were several classes of citizens left out of socialist rhetoric as well. Most of the communistic slogans dealt with the proletariat which was primarily a reference to urban factory workers. The rural farmers, the clergy, the intelligentsia, and other non-labour union types probably felt left out, just as the birds did in the novel. And, just as in real life, most would be left out or killed after the revolution. The birds were different from the other animals they stood on two legs. And in real-life, the peasant farmers were unique as well many of them owned land. Though the land was eventually collectivized by the state in the 1930s, these peasants were allowed to own land (walk on two legs) for the first decade of communism. Property owners in the city lost their land (were forced to walk on four legs) immediately following the revolution. And the primary reason for this, as Squealer explained above, was that the peasants werent using their ownership of property to enrich themselves on the backs of the workers they generally farmed the land themselves, and so their land ownership was tolerated for some time (their wings were an organ of propulsion, not of manipulation). Moses The raven Moses symbolizes the Russian Orthodox Church. In the beginning of the novel, Moses was Mr. Joness pet. Moses fled the farm shortly after the revolution, but eventually returned. Moses never did any work. All he did was sit around telling stories primarily of Sugar Candy Mountain, a paradise where animals lived on after they have died. At first Napoleon tried to get rid of Moses. But eventually Moses was allowed to stay on the farm and was even given a small ration of beer. Moses the raven is an old bird that occasionally visits the farm with tales of Sugarcandy Mountain, where he says animals go when they die, but only if they work hard. He represents religion, specifically the Russian Orthodox Church, which is banned when the pigs come to power. He leaves after the rebellion, for all animals are supposed to be equal, and religion is not part of equality, but returns later in the novel because he convinces the animals to work harder. Nobody does anything to harm Moses, due to the fact that all animals (and Moses being an animal) are equal. In the end, he is one of few animals to remember the rebellion, along with Clover, Benjamin, and the pigs. Hens Peasant Farmers. In Chapter seven, Napoleon calls for the hens to surrender their eggs. This is a reference to Stalins attempt to collectivize the peasant farmers of Russia. The hens attempted to resist the order at first, just as the peasant farmers of the Ukraine. But, just as in real life, they were eventually starved into submission. In the book, 9 hens died during the incident. In real-life, it is estimated that somewhere between 4 and 10 million Ukrainian peasants were starved to death by Stalin. In the book, it was also said that the Hens smashed their own eggs to protest Napoleons actions. In real-life, Ukrainian farmers would slaughter their own livestock before joining a collective as a form of protest. So many farmers engaged in this practice, that livestock in the Ukraine dwindled by 50%-80% between 1928 and 1935. The problem got so out of hand that Stalin eventually executed any farmer found guilty of engaging in this practice. Even the act of neglecting your livestock was punishable by death. Three young Black Minorca pullets The leaders of the hens resistance. The book says that these three chickens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleons wishes. The dictionary defines a Minorca Hen as A domestic fowl of a breed originating in the Mediterranean region and having white or black plumage. a reference to the Ukrainians possibly? (although not exactly on the Mediterranean, the Ukraine is in the same general area) Never the less, It was the Ukrainian peasants who formed the primary resistance to Stalins attempts to collectivize farming, so the black Minorcan Pullets are almost certainly a reference to the Ukrainians. But it is also possible that Orwell may be referring to specific group of Ukrainians the Ukrainian Kulaks. The Kulaks were middle and upper class peasants that owned farmland in Ukraine. It was they that had the most to lose by collectivizing. (And as a side note, Minorca is A Spanish island in the Balearics of the western Mediterranean Sea. Held by the British and the French at various times during the 18th century, it was a Loyalist stronghold in the Spanish Civil War. This is curious since Orwell had personally participated in the Spanish Civil War, and was probably well aware of this islands act of resistance. ) Cockerels Serve as an alarm clock for Boxer. Napoleon had a black cockerel who marched in front of him and acted as a kind of trumpeter (He would let out a loud cock-a-doodle-doo before Napoleon spoke. ) Frederick (Hitler) was said to hold cockfights where the combatants had splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs. Pigeons The pigeons, who fly out each day to spread the word about animalism to the other farms in Willingdon, represent the Communist World Revolution The Communist International, or Comintern, as it is widely known. Geese ? Mentioned in the Beast of England Turkeys ? Mentioned in the Beast of England Ducks They are generally only mentioned in conjunction with the hens, and, just like the hens, are portrayed as being less intelligent than the other animals. The obviously represent some type of peasantry, but it is unclear as to with specific group Orwell is referring to since Orwell never gives any specifics of the Ducks role on the farm. The book merely states that some ducklings (who have lost their mother) were present at Old Majors meeting, and that clover has protected them so the other animals wouldnt trample on them. The ducks are mentioned as assisting with building the windmill. It is also said that they helped the hens save five bushels of corn at the harvest by gathering up the stray grains. The book also states that the Ducks, along with the Sheep and the hens, were on the lower end of the intelligence scale completely incapable of grasping the full ideas of animalism. Since ducks are water-borne foul, it is possible that they may represent the farmers of the sea fishermen perhaps The Hens may have represented the Kulaks as they destroy their eggs rather than hand them over to Napoleon, similar to how during collectivisation some Kulaks destroyed machinery or killed their livestock. The Cat represents laziness (for she, along with Mollie, did not do any work on the farm) and possibly racism (for she is the only one who says the rats are enemies). Bibliography: www. wikipedia. org/wiki/Animal_Farm

Analysis and Design of Cable Stayed Bridge Essays

Analysis and Design of Cable Stayed Bridge Essays Analysis and Design of Cable Stayed Bridge Essay Analysis and Design of Cable Stayed Bridge Essay Of the newly-built Bridgess, cable-stayed Bridgess are today really common worldwide for spans runing between 200 and 900 metres. A overseas telegram stayed span has one or more towers ( Pylons ) from which the overseas telegrams support the deck. This paper provides modeling, analysis and design of a prestressed harp type individual pylon overseas telegram stayed span utilizing MIDAS Civil. Keywords: overseas telegram stayed, box girder, prestressing, MIDAS Civil Introduction Of the newly-built Bridgess, cable-stayed Bridgess are today really common worldwide for spans runing between 200 and 900 metres. A overseas telegram stayed span has one or more towers ( Pylons ) from which the overseas telegrams support the deck. There are two major categories of cable-stayed Bridgess: harp and fan.In the harp design, the overseas telegrams are about parallel so that the tallness of their fond regard to the tower is similar to the distance from the tower to their climb on the deck.In the fan design, the overseas telegrams all connect to or base on balls over the top of the towers. The cable-stayed span is optimum for spans longer than cantilever Bridgess, and shorter than suspension Bridgess. This is the scope where cantilever Bridgess would quickly turn heavier if the span was lengthened, and suspension span telegraphing would non be more economical if the span was shortened Cable-stayed Bridgess may look to be similar to suspension Bridgess, but in fact they are rather different in rule and in their building. In suspension Bridgess, big chief overseas telegrams ( usually 2 ) bent between the towers ( usually 2 ) , and are anchored at each terminal to the land whereas in the cable-stayed span, the towers are the primary supporting constructions which transmitt the span loads to the land. A cantilever attack is frequently used to back up the span deck near the towers, but lengths farther from them are supported by overseas telegrams running straight to the towers. General presentation of the construction The span is a individual pylon overseas telegram stayed span holding a harp-type agreement of the overseas telegrams. The entire length of the overseas telegram stayed span is 700m with a chief span of 350m. The span construction carries 6 route lanes divided into 2 carriageways. The deck consists of dramatis personae in topographic point prestressed box girders Entire breadth of the span is 29.8m. Construction strategy The chief 350 m span will be built utilizing the cantilever method, get downing from the wharfs P4 A ; P5 at the same time. The two cantilevers will be connected at mid span by the mean of a stitch section. The balanced cantilevers are cast by sections of 3.5 m long, utilizing a signifier traveler. The section ( n ) is connected to old section ( n-1 ) by sinews ( internal pre-stressing ) . This method is used for the first 10 sections from pylon. After 11th section, no cantilever sinew is needed as the sections will be supported by stay overseas telegrams tensioned increasingly with building of sections. Hence building rhythm of sections after 11th one includes installing and tensioning of stay overseas telegram before remotion and launching of signifier traveller. Material features: Concrete: M50 grade concrete will be used for deck and pylons. M50 grade concrete will be used for Piers. Concrete belongingss shall be based on AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Young modulus as per IRC codification is given in the following tabular array ( IRC:21 Â § 303.1. ) : Shear modulus of concrete, G, is calculated utilizing the undermentioned equation: E= Ec/2 ( 1+? ) The coefficient of thermic enlargement and contraction for normal weight concrete is taken as 1.17?10-5 /Â °C. Density of the pre-stressed concrete is taken equal to 25 KN/m3. Steel support: Thermo-mechanically treated support bars of class 414 conforming to IS:1786 will be adopted. Yielding strength of inactive steel support is considered equal to 414 MPa and Young modulus equal to 200 000 Mpa. Modular ratio between concrete and steel will be taken equal to 10. Dead tonss: The self-weight is calculated presuming a denseness of 25 KN/m3 for reinforced and prestressed concrete. A denseness of 7.85 t/m3 is to be considered for steel. Live Tonss: Traffic live loads- The unrecorded tonss are in conformity with IRC:6-2000. The span has two carriageways of three lanes each and of 11 m breadth. Each carriageway will be loaded with three lanes of IRC category A burden. Pedestrian unrecorded burden ( PLL ) The pes way lading shall be as per clause 209 of IRC:6 with strength of lading equal to 500 kg/m? . Wind burden for overseas telegram stayed span: Harmonizing to IS:875 ( portion 3 ) -1987 Wind loads on unrecorded tonss ( WL ) The sidelong air current force against traveling unrecorded tonss shall be considered as moving at 1.5 m above the roadway and shall be assumed equal to 300 kg/m. Creep and Shrinkage ( C A ; S ) Creep and shrinking effects to be considered as per CEB-FIP codification for overseas telegram stayed span Earthquake tonss Rajasthan is located in seismal zone II. The horizontal seismal coefficient in longitudinal way will be calculated by IS 1893:2002 Construction tonss: Normal perpendicular loads- A building burden of 50 kg/m2 shall be considered during cantilever hard-on. Weight of the traveller signifier is assumed to be equal to 85 dozenss. An impact of 10 % shall be considered for the traveling building tonss. MIDAS MODEL of box: ( Half span ) AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications ( Third Edition, 2005 Interim Revisions ) ; AASHTO – Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design ( 2nd edition – 2000 ) ; AASHTO – Guide Specifications for Design A ; Construction of Segmental Concrete Bridges ( 1999 ) ; IRC:6-2000 Standard Specifications A ; Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section II, Loads A ; emphasiss ( 4th edition – 2000 ) ; for definition of the unrecorded tonss and temblor tonss merely ; IS:875 ( portion 3 ) -1987 Code of pattern for design tonss ( other than temblor ) for edifices and constructions ; for air current loads merely ; Necessities of Bridge technology by D.Johnson Victor Bridge Engineering Handbook Edited by Wai-Fah Chen, Lian Duan, CRC Press

International Corporate Diversification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

International Corporate Diversification - Essay Example This is a part of the companies’ growth strategy, and the increasingly predominant phenomenon is directly linked to globalization effects, as well as, the ever rising competition intensity. This phenomenon is generally referred to as international diversification and many academicians agree that, it offers a company access to a wide array of opportunities in overseas markets thus making it possible to overcome development challenges. International diversification could also enhance the respective company’s general performance. In academics, varying outlooks have been utilized to elucidate this phenomenon diversification. For instance, theoretical concepts like portfolio investment, foreign direct investment (FDI), and resource-based theories, all propose that, international diversification is associated with increased economies of scale, broadened learning scope, stable revenues or profits, and operational flexibility (Waisako, 2002, pp. 109-134 ). However, irrespective of the numerous advantages associated with global business diversification, research has shown that, simply venturing overseas does not guarantee exemplary performance for companies. The diversification process usually requires an organization to accrue sizeable costs as a result of strategies’ restructuring or resource reallocation. Other challenges include concerns such as increased complexity in managerial structure, target market or employees’ resistance to transformation and increased communication problems owing to the diversity of cultures involved. Additionally, global diversification could be accompanied by unexpected, yet substantial expenses like fluctuations in currency exchange rates, political insecurity and inflation. This paper seeks to explore the varying advantages and disadvantages associated with international corporate diversification. The study attains this, by evaluating drivers of international diversification; cases of companies that have eith er succeeded in the venture of international diversification and those that failed extensively, as well as, the reasons that led to this success or failure. General Advantages of International Corporate Diversification International Talent Pool and Opportunity to Lower Labour Costs Increasing globalization and competition among businesses has constantly driven operation costs to an elevated level. Additionally, the escalating competition requires organizations to have unique methods of conducting, which can best be attained by employees with distinctive talents. For this reason, the increased costs of hiring workers, as well as, the need for a highly gifted labour force, are both crucial drivers of global diversification. For example, Apple, Inc. a computer and peripherals manufacturer develops its products’ designs in California, but assembly of the products takes place in China. The same applies for many multinational companies (MNCs) which seek to lower labour and other op eration costs. This happens mainly because; labour in developed nations is more costly in comparison to that available in developing nations. Additionally, global diversification makes it possible for an organization to gain access to a labour force that is highly diverse in terms of talent and expertise, thus gaining a higher chance of succeeding in the business environment (Dastidar and Weiner, 2007, pp. 24-36). Occasionally, as certain areas of developing nations evolve and costs increase, MNCs may opt to move their operations to locations of the same nation that have not developed fully, thus continually saving on costs. In addition, a global company can get cost benefits through economies of scale. This is attainable through centralizing production processes in one or a few locations hence doing away with

The uniform Commercial Code Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The uniform Commercial Code - Essay Example The UCC is used by every jurisdiction in the United States except for Louisiana. Article 2 of the statute only governs a contract for the sale of goods (movable property only)2, and is most often used to resolve contract disputes of that nature. Other types of transactions are governed by the different Article in the UCC. The statute is governed by TARR, which refers to tender, acceptance, rejection and revocation. When a buyer intends to purchase goods, he is entitled to reject such goods, if the goods do not meet the conditions set out in the contract (tender stage). A buyer may accept the goods in such belief, that the manufacture will repair the problems, which are under warranty (acceptance stage). However, if a buyer finds a problem with the goods, he may reject the goods within the reasonable time (rejection stage), or during the revocation stage. The provisions of UCC are applicable to the sale of goods in the United States; however, it is subject to United Nations convention for the international sale of goods if parties to a contract choose not to be governed by the statute. Applicability of the UCC Sections Relative to Zabriskie Case In this case, Mr. Zabriskie purchased a new car 1966 Chevrolet Biscayne and gave a check for payment. Later on he went for a drive with the said car on the same day, it got spoilt within 2.5 miles away, and he immediately gave instructions for the said check not to be paid. The dealer argued that he (buyer) could not reject the car as he had taken a test drive and was satisfied vehicle. He also argued that it was a reasonable opportunity for him to inspect the product. The court held that: Driving for a few miles was significant to the buyer, since it was his reasonable opportunity to enjoy his new vehicle and to see if it conforms to the agreement. How long the buyer may have driven the new car under the guise of inspection is not an issue as it is within the ambit of a reasonable opportunity to inspect. If the consumer has used the new car for a long period of time, article 2 of the UCC3 provides that a buyer may refuse to accept the goods if the defects impair the goods too much. The article also provides this when the buyer has accepted the goods without discovery of non-conformity because it was difficult to discover, or if he was assured that non-conformity would be repaired. In explaining the reasoning, the court defined non-conformity substantially impairing the value of the vehicle as: 1) Having many small defects whose cumulative value added up to a big impairment- This is the â€Å"shake faith† doctrine first stated in the Zabriskie case. 2) One that includes a failure or refusal to repair the goods under the warranty- Substantial non-conformity and lemon laws often defines what may be considered a substantial impairment. Public Policy Consideration That Support the Decision in the Zabriskie Case and Other Cases like It Courts’ main function is the administration of justice to all who come seeking justice. In doing so, they are guided by the principles of fairness and reasonableness in delivering judgments. When it comes to contracts, courts may refuse to enforce contracts containing unconscionable clauses at the time of formation or only enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause to prevent oppression and unfair surprises to buyers; this principle was considered in the Zabriski